Spine
The spine, or vertebral column, is a central structural component of the human body, providing support, flexibility, and protection to the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae divided into five regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (upper back), lumbar (lower back), sacral, and coccygeal (tailbone). These vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and facilitate movement.
The spine plays a crucial role in posture, weight distribution, and locomotion. It also houses and safeguards the spinal cord, a vital part of the central nervous system that transmits signals between the brain and the body. The spinal structure is reinforced by muscles, ligaments, and tendons that maintain stability and allow dynamic movement.
Spinal disorders include conditions like herniated discs, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, fractures, and degenerative diseases such as spondylosis. Symptoms may include back pain, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or loss of function in limbs, depending on the severity and location of the issue.
Diagnosis involves physical examinations, imaging studies like X-rays, MRI, or CT scans, and sometimes nerve conduction tests. Treatment ranges from conservative options like physiotherapy and medications to surgical interventions, including minimally invasive techniques, to restore function and alleviate pain.