Congenital
Congenital refers to conditions or abnormalities present at birth, resulting from genetic, environmental, or developmental factors during pregnancy. These conditions can affect any organ or system in the body, varying from minor structural anomalies to severe disorders impacting overall function and quality of life.
Congenital conditions may arise due to genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), maternal infections (e.g., rubella), nutritional deficiencies, or exposure to harmful substances during pregnancy. Structural congenital anomalies include cleft lip, congenital heart defects, spina bifida, or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Functional conditions may involve metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria or blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia.
The presentation and severity depend on the specific condition. Some congenital anomalies are apparent at birth, while others may become evident later in life. Diagnosis often involves prenatal screening through ultrasound, genetic testing, or amniocentesis, along with postnatal evaluations.
Treatment varies widely, from medical management and nutritional support to surgical corrections or rehabilitative therapies. Early intervention is crucial to improve outcomes, particularly in conditions affecting physical or cognitive development. Preventive measures, including prenatal care, vaccination, and genetic counseling, play a vital role in reducing the incidence and impact of congenital disorders.